OKUDA STAGING
The Okuda system, introduced in 1985, is a prognostic score for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that considers tumor features and the extent of underlying cirrhosis. It was developed using a cohort of 850 HCC patients between 1975-1983 and incorporates four factors indicating advanced disease: tumor occupying >50% of the liver, presence of ascites, and serum albumin and bilirubin levels. Although the Okuda system is still in use, its main limitation is the crude classification of early-stage patients. Newer staging systems have attempted to better characterize Okuda Stage I patients by incorporating liver-specific variables and sometimes incorporating the Okuda score itself. Nevertheless, the Okuda system remains the benchmark for comparing newer scoring systems. ¹
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Tumor Size >50% <50% | + - |
Ascites Present Absent | + - |
Albumin < 3 g/dl > 3 g/dl | + - |
Bilirubin < 3mg/dl > 3 mg/dl | - + |
Total Stage I Stage II Stage III | All - 1 or 2 + 3 or 4 + |
- Okuda K, Ohtsuki T, Obata H, Tomimatsu M, Okazaki N, Hasegawa H, Nakajima Y, Ohnishi K. Natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma and prognosis in relation to treatment study of 850 patients. Cancer. 1985 Aug 15;56(4):918-28.
- Karademir S. Staging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatoma Res. 2018;4:58.
- Kinoshita, Akiyoshi et al. “Staging systems for hepatocellular carcinoma: Current status and future perspectives.” World journal of hepatology vol. 7,3 (2015): 406-24. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i3.406